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created : 2010-01-28 updated : 2010-01-31
Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems
Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory.
Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted:
mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys}
Creating Initial Device Nodes
When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of a few device nodes, in particular the console and null devices. The device nodes will be created on the hard disk so that they are available before udevd has been started, and additionally when Linux is started with init=/bin/bash. Create the devices by running the following commands:
mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3Mounting and Populating /dev
The recommended method of populating the /dev directory with devices is to mount a virtual filesystem (such as tmpfs) on the /dev directory, and allow the devices to be created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are detected or accessed. This is generally done during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is necessary to mount and populate /dev manually. This is accomplished by bind mounting the host system's /dev directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point to some other location. Use the following command to achieve this:
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/devMounting Virtual Kernel File Systems
Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:
mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt tmpfs shm $LFS/dev/shmmount -vt proc proc $LFS/procmount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sysEntering the Chroot Environment
It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and installing the final LFS system. As user root, run the following command to enter the realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary tools:
chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \/tools/bin/bash --login +hThe -i option given to the env command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only the HOME, TERM, PS1, and PATH variables are set again. The TERM=$TERM construct will set the TERM variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like vim and less to operate properly. If other variables are needed, such as CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS, this is a good place to set them again.
From this point on, there is no need to use the LFS variable anymore, because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is told that $LFS is now the root (/) directory.
Notice that /tools/bin comes last in the PATH. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not “remember” the locations of executed binaries—for this reason, hashing is switched off by passing the +h option to bash. Note that the bash prompt will say I have no name! This is normal because the /etc/passwd file has not been created yet. Creating Directories
mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt,opt}
mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var}install -dv -m 0750 /rootinstall -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmpmkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}mkdir -v /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}for dir in /usr /usr/local; doln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dirdonecase $(uname -m) inx86_64) ln -sv lib /lib64 && ln -sv lib /usr/lib64 ;;esacmkdir -v /var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}Creating Essential Files and Symlinks
ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,echo,pwd,stty} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/perl /usr/binln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/libln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.so{,.6} /usr/libln -sv bash /bin/shA proper Linux system maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file /etc/mtab. Normally, this file would be created when we mount a new file system. Since we will not be mounting any file systems inside our chroot environment, create an empty file for utilities that expect the presence of /etc/mtab:
touch /etc/mtabCreate the /etc/passwd file by running the following command:
cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashbin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/falsenobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/falseEOFCreate the /etc/group file by running the following command:
cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:bin:x:1:sys:x:2:kmem:x:3:tty:x:4:tape:x:5:daemon:x:6:floppy:x:7:disk:x:8:lp:x:9:dialout:x:10:audio:x:11:video:x:12:utmp:x:13:usb:x:14:cdrom:x:15:mail:x:34:nogroup:x:99:EOFTo remove the “I have no name!” prompt, start a new shell.
exec /tools/bin/bash --login +hInitialize the log files and give them proper permissions:
touch /var/run/utmp /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlogchmod -v 664 /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlogAfter reboot
Note : If you need to reboot during the build , you need to do the following, /mnt/lfs and /dev/sdb1 must be changed to suit your needs
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
mount /dev/sdb1 $LFSmount -v --bind /dev $LFS/devmount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt tmpfs shm $LFS/dev/shmmount -vt proc proc $LFS/procmount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/syschroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \/tools/bin/bash --login +hLinux-2.6.30.2 API Headers
The Linux API Headers expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc. Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 403 MB Unpack source :
cd /sourcesrm -rf linux-2.6.30.2tar -jxvf linux-2.6.30.2.tar.bz2cd linux-2.6.30.2
Build and install : time {make mrproper &&
make headers_check &&make INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install &&cp -rv dest/include/* /usr/include ;}Time taken :
real 1m23.351s
user 0m15.413ssys 0m32.034sMan-pages-3.22
The Man-pages package contains over 1,900 man pages.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 21 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar jxvf man-pages-3.22.tar.bz2cd man-pages-3.22Build and install :
time make installTime taken :
real 0m0.836suser 0m0.060ssys 0m0.312sGlibc-2.10.1
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on. Approximate build time: 16.9 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 637 MB testsuite included Unpack sources :
cd /sources
rm -rf glibc-2.10.1rm -rf glibc-buildtar -jxvf glibc-2.10.1.tar.bz2cd glibc-2.10.1Add IDN support :
tar -xvf ../glibc-libidn-2.10.1.tar.bz2
mv -v glibc-libidn-2.10.1 libidnPatch test-installation.pl
DL=$(readelf -l /bin/sh | sed -n 's@.*interpret.*/tools\(.*\)]$@\1@p')
sed -i "s|libs -o|libs -L/usr/lib -Wl,-dynamic-linker=$DL -o|" \scripts/test-installation.plunset DLChange default program interpreter to /bin/bash
sed -i 's|@BASH@|/bin/bash|' elf/ldd.bash.inFix an error in one of the make check routines. Note that the escaped newline in the second sed is required:
sed -i s/utf8/UTF-8/ libio/tst-fgetwc.c
sed -i '/tst-fgetws-ENV/ a\tst-fgetwc-ENV = LOCPATH=$(common-objpfx)localedata' libio/MakefileFix an error in the constants that get passed to the futex system call in some cases, causing certain pthread_mutex operations to fail:
sed -i \
-e 's/FUTEX_WAIT\( | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME, reg\)/FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET\1/' \nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/i486/lowlevellock.SThe Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc outside of the source directory in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-buildAdd the needed compiler flags to CFLAGS for x86 machines.
case `uname -m` in
i?86) echo "CFLAGS += -march=i486 -mtune=native -O3 -pipe" > configparms ;;esacBuild :
time {
../glibc-2.10.1/configure --prefix=/usr \--disable-profile --enable-add-ons \--enable-kernel=2.6.18 --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc && make;}real 48m15.554s
user 14m58.380ssys 11m30.751sThe meaning of the new configure options:
--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc
Check :
time {
cp -v ../glibc-2.10.1/iconvdata/gconv-modules iconvdata &&make -k check 2>&1 | tee glibc-check-log &&grep Error glibc-check-log ;}Result :
make[1]: Target `check' not remade because of errors.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/sources/glibc-2.10.1'make: *** [check] Error 2make[2]: [/sources/glibc-build/posix/annexc.out] Error 1 (ignored)make[2]: *** [/sources/glibc-build/nptl/tst-cond20.out] Error 1make[2]: *** [/sources/glibc-build/nptl/tst-cond21.out] Error 1make[1]: *** [nptl/tests] Error 2make: *** [check] Error 2real 41m11.480s
user 13m37.731ssys 7m53.330sI decided to ignored the error and go ahead.
Install :
time make install
real 8m50.384s
user 2m36.330ssys 1m25.929sInstall Locale :
mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DElocaledef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@eurolocaledef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HKlocaledef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PHlocaledef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_USlocaledef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MXlocaledef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IRlocaledef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FRlocaledef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@eurolocaledef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_ITlocaledef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JPlocaledef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030Install all locales listed in the glibc-2.10.1/localedata/SUPPORTED file :
make localedata/install-localesCreate a new file /etc/nsswitch.conf by running the following:
cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.confpasswd: filesgroup: filesshadow: fileshosts: files dnsnetworks: filesprotocols: filesservices: filesethers: filesrpc: files# End /etc/nsswitch.confEOFOne way to determine the local time zone, run the following script: tzselectI chose Asia/Hong_Kong
Then create the /etc/localtime file by running:
cp -v --remove-destination /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Hong_Kong \
/etc/localtimeThe meaning of the cp option:
--remove-destination
By default, the dynamic loader (/lib/ld-linux.so.2) searches through /lib and /usr/lib for dynamic libraries that are needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are libraries in directories other than /lib and /usr/lib, these need to be added to the /etc/ld.so.conf file in order for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that are commonly known to contain additional libraries are /usr/local/lib and /opt/lib, so add those directories to the dynamic loader's search path.
Create a new file /etc/ld.so.conf by running the following:
cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf/usr/local/lib/opt/lib# End /etc/ld.so.confEOFRe-adjusting the Toolchain
Now that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time to adjust the toolchain again. The toolchain will be adjusted so that it will link any newly compiled program against these new libraries. Now, the chain will be guided from /tools/lib directory to the LFS /{,usr/}lib directories.
First, backup the /tools linker, and replace it with the adjusted linker we made in chapter 5. We'll also create a link to its counterpart in /tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin:
mv -v /tools/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin/{ld,ld-old}mv -v /tools/bin/{ld-new,ld}ln -sv /tools/bin/ld /tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin/ld
Next, amend the GCC specs file so that it points to the new dynamic linker. Simply deleting all instances of “/tools”.
gcc -dumpspecs | sed -e 's@/tools@@g' \
-e '/\*startfile_prefix_spec:/{n;s@.*@/usr/lib/ @}' \-e '/\*cpp:/{n;s@$@ -isystem /usr/include@}' > \`dirname $(gcc --print-libgcc-file-name)`/specsTesting :
echo 'main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.logreadelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'Output :
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct startfiles:
grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be:
/usr/lib/crt1.o succeeded/usr/lib/crti.o succeeded/usr/lib/crtn.o succeededVerify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
grep -B1 '^ /usr/include' dummy.logThis command should return successfully with the following output:
#include <...> search starts here:/usr/includeNext, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for platform-specific target triplets) will be:
SEARCH_DIR("/tools/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/lib");Next make sure that we're using the correct libc: grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.logIf everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for a lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts) will be:
attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeededLastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
grep found dummy.log
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name and a lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts):
found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux.so.2Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.logZlib-1.2.3
The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.8 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf zlib-1.2.3.tar.bz2cd zlib-1.2.3Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --shared --libdir=/lib &&make &&make install ; }real 0m16.823s
user 0m5.444ssys 0m2.808sThe previous command installed a .so file in /lib. We will remove it and relink it into /usr/lib:
rm -v /lib/libz.so
ln -sfv ../../lib/libz.so.1.2.3 /usr/lib/libz.soBuild the static library:
time {
make clean &&./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 0m14.619s
user 0m5.716ssys 0m2.240sFix the permissions on the static library:
chmod -v 644 /usr/lib/libz.a
Binutils-2.19.1
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.
Approximate build time: 2.1 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 222 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources rm -rf binutils-2.19.1 rm -rf binutils-buildtar -jxvf binutils-2.19.1.tar.bz2cd binutils-2.19.1Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot environment :
expect -c "spawn ls"
spawn lsSuppress the installation of an outdated standards.info file as a newer one is installed later on in the Autoconf
instructions:
rm -fv etc/standards.info
sed -i.bak '/^INFO/s/standards.info //' etc/Makefile.in
Fix an issue that causes one of the tests to fail to compile against Glibc-2.10.1:
sed -i -e 's/getline/get_line/' libiberty/testsuite/test-demangle.cThe Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils outside of the source directory in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-buildBuild :
time {
../binutils-2.19.1/configure --prefix=/usr \--enable-shared &&make tooldir=/usr ;}real 14m5.092s
user 3m58.331ssys 4m0.223sThe meaning of the make parameter:
tooldir=/usr
Test the results:
time make checkIt had no error. Time taken :
real 9m13.751s
user 2m25.561ssys 4m24.397sInstall the package:
time {make tooldir=/usr install &&cp -v ../binutils-2.19.1/include/libiberty.h /usr/include ;}real 0m39.252s
user 0m5.616ssys 0m12.833sGMP-4.3.1
The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. Approximate build time: 1.7 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 39 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf gmp-4.3.1.tar.bz2cd gmp-4.3.1Build :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-cxx --enable-mpbsd &&make ;}real 16m49.860s
user 3m37.418ssys 6m1.263sThe meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-cxx
--enable-mpbsd
Test :
time make check 2>&1 | tee gmp-check-logreal 8m54.193s
user 2m22.609ssys 2m45.822sEnsure that all 143 tests in the test suite passed. Check the results by issuing the following command:
awk '/tests passed/{total+=$2} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log143
Install the package:
time {
make install &&mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gmp-4.3.1 &&cp -v doc/{isa_abi_headache,configuration} doc/*.html \/usr/share/doc/gmp-4.3.1 ;}real 0m9.685s
user 0m1.676ssys 0m3.328sMPFR-2.4.1
The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math.
Approximate build time: 1.1 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 27.1 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf mpfr-2.4.1.tar.bz2cd mpfr-2.4.1Build :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-thread-safe &&make ;}real 5m59.559s
user 1m30.498ssys 1m35.586sTest the results and ensure that all 148 tests passed:
time make checkAll 148 tests passed
real 6m31.548suser 1m59.495ssys 1m41.990sInstall the package:
time make installreal 0m3.266s
user 0m0.936ssys 0m0.736sInstall the documentation :
make html
mkdir -pv /usr/share/doc/mpfr-2.4.1 find . -name \*.html -type f -exec cp -v \{} /usr/share/doc/mpfr-2.4.1 \; GCC-4.4.1
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
Approximate build time: 44 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 1.1 GB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf gcc-4.4.1rm -rf gcc-buildtar -jxvf gcc-4.4.1.tar.bz2cd gcc-4.4.1Apply a sed substitution that will suppress the installation of libiberty.a. The version of libiberty.a provided by Binutils will be used instead:
sed -i 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.inApply the following sed to force the build to use the -fomit-framepointer compiler flag in order to ensure consistent compiler builds:
case `uname -m` in
i?86) sed -i 's/^T_CFLAGS =$/& -fomit-frame-pointer/' \gcc/Makefile.in ;;esacThe fixincludes script is known to occasionally erroneously attempt to "fix" the system headers installed so far. As the headers up to this point are known to not require fixing, issue the following command to prevent the fixincludes script from running:
sed -i 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.inThe GCC documentation recommends building GCC outside of the source directory in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-buildBuild :
time {
../gcc-4.4.1/configure --prefix=/usr \--libexecdir=/usr/lib --enable-shared \--enable-threads=posix --enable-__cxa_atexit \--enable-clocale=gnu --enable-languages=c,c++ \--disable-multilib --disable-bootstrap &&make ;}real 49m34.447s
user 19m1.859ssys 11m11.062sTest the results, but do not stop at errors:
time make -k checkreal 206m29.472s
user 91m13.270ssys 86m45.129sThe above check got error, I continued anyway.
To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:
time ../gcc-4.4.1/contrib/test_summaryInstall the package:
time make installreal 0m51.881s
user 0m8.241ssys 0m19.009sCreate symlink:
ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp /libln -sv gcc /usr/bin/ccTesting :
echo 'main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.logreadelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct startfiles:
grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.logIf everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be: /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.1/../../../crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.1/../../../crti.o succeeded/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.1/../../../crtn.o succeededDepending on your machine architecture, the above may differ slightly, the difference usually being the name of the directory after /usr/lib/gcc. If your machine is a 64-bit system, you may also see a directory named lib64 towards the end of the string. The important thing to look for here is that gcc has found all three crt*.o files under the /usr/lib directory.
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
This command should return successfully with the following output:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.1/include /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.1/include-fixed /usr/includeAgain, note that the directory named after your target triplet may be different than the above, depending on your architecture Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for platform-specific target triplets) will be:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");A 64-bit system may see a few more directories. For example, here is the output from an x86_64 machine:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib64")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/lib")SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.logIf everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for a lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts) will be:
attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeededLastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
grep found dummy.log
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name and a lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts):
found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux.so.2Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.logSed-4.2.1
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 8.3 MB Unpack the source :
cd /sources
rm -rf sed-4.2.1tar -jxvf sed-4.2.1.tar.bz2cd sed-4.2.1Build :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin --htmldir=/usr/share/doc/sed-4.2.1 &&make &&make html &&make install &&make -C doc install-html ;}real 2m21.952s
user 0m25.566ssys 0m40.991sThe meaning of the new configure option:
--htmldir
check :
time make check===================
All 65 tests passed===================real 0m33.516suser 0m12.077ssys 0m7.636sPkg-config-0.23
The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make file execution.
Approximate build time: 0.3 SBU
Required disk space: 11.5 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar zxvf pkg-config-0.23.tar.gzcd pkg-config-0.23Build and install:
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 4m17.240s
user 0m57.924ssys 1m15.261sTo test the results, issue:
time make check==================
All 6 tests passed==================real 0m2.633suser 0m0.460ssys 0m0.772sNcurses-5.7
The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.
Approximate build time: 0.8 SBU
Required disk space: 35 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf ncurses-5.7tar -zxvf ncurses-5.7.tar.gzcd ncurses-5.7Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --with-shared --without-debug --enable-widec &&make &&make install ;}real 7m40.206s
user 2m13.008ssys 1m51.283sThe meaning of the configure option:
--enable-widec
Move the libraries to the /lib directory, where they are expected to reside:
mv -v /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.5* /lib
Because the libraries have been moved, one symlink points to a non-existent file. Recreate it:
ln -sfv ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 /usr/lib/libncursesw.soMany applications still expect the linker to be able to find non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications into linking with wide-character libraries by means of symlinks and linker scripts:
for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do \
rm -vf /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so ; \echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" >/usr/lib/lib${lib}.so ; \ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a /usr/lib/lib${lib}.a ; \doneln -sfv libncurses++w.a /usr/lib/libncurses++.aFinally, make sure that old applications that look for -lcurses at build time are still buildable:
rm -vf /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" >/usr/lib/libcursesw.soln -sfv libncurses.so /usr/lib/libcurses.soln -sfv libncursesw.a /usr/lib/libcursesw.aln -sfv libncurses.a /usr/lib/libcurses.aIf desired, install the Ncurses documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.7
cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.7The instructions above don't create non-wide-character Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling from sources would link against them at runtime. If you must have such libraries because of some binary-only application, build them with the following commands:
time {make distclean &&
./configure --prefix=/usr --with-shared --without-normal \--without-debug --without-cxx-binding &&make sources libs &&cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib ;}real 3m4.579s
user 0m48.719ssys 0m47.235sUtil-linux-ng-2.16
The Util-linux-ng package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.
Approximate build time: 0.6 SBU
Required disk space: 40 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf util-linux-ng-2.16.tar.bz2cd util-linux-ng-2.16FHS compliance notes
The FHS recommends using the /var/lib/hwclock directory instead of the usual /etc directory as the location for the adjtime file. To make the hwclock program FHS-compliant, run the following:
sed -e 's@etc/adjtime@var/lib/hwclock/adjtime@g' \
-i $(grep -rl '/etc/adjtime' .)mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclockBuild and install :
time {
./configure --enable-arch --enable-partx --enable-write &&make &&make install ;}real 6m29.146s
user 1m40.358ssys 1m45.367sThe meaning of the configure options:
--enable-arch
--enable-partx
--enable-write
E2fsprogs-1.41.8
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the ext2 file system. It also supports the ext3 and ext4 journaling file systems.
Approximate build time: 0.7 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 41 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf e2fsprogs-1.41.8.tar.gzcd e2fsprogs-1.41.8
Make sure the version date is in a format compatible with configure:
sed -i -e "s/July/Jul/" version.hThe E2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be built in a subdirectory of the source tree:
mkdir -v build
cd buildBuild and install :
time {
../configure --prefix=/usr --with-root-prefix="" \--enable-elf-shlibs --disable-libblkid --disable-libuuid \--disable-uuidd --disable-fsck &&make &&make install &&make install-libs ;}real 5m3.798s
user 1m18.573ssys 1m20.365sThe meaning of the configure options:
--with-root-prefix=""
--enable-elf-shlibs
--disable-*
This prevents E2fsprogs from building and installing the libuuid and libblkid libraries, the uuidd daemon, and the fsck wrapper, as Util-Linux-NG installed all of them earlier.
To test the results, issue: (256 MB of memory required)
time make check102 tests succeeded 0 tests failedreal 2m0.069s
user 0m15.409ssys 0m25.694sMake the installed static libraries writable so debugging symbols can be removed later:
chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.aThis package installs a gzipped .info file but doesn't update the system-wide dir file. Unzip this file and then update the system dir file using the following commands.
gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir \/usr/share/info/libext2fs.infoIf desired, create and install some additional documentation by issuing the following commands:
makeinfo -o doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo
install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/infoinstall-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir \/usr/share/info/com_err.infoCoreutils-7.4
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics.
Approximate build time: 3.2 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 98 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf coreutils-7.4tar -zxvf coreutils-7.4.tar.gzcd coreutils-7.4A known issue with the uname program from this package is that the -p switch always returns unknown. The following patch fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:
case `uname -m` in
i?86 | x86_64) patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-7.4-uname-1.patch ;;esacPOSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:
patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-7.4-i18n-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr \--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime &&make &&make install ;}real 10m25.893s
user 2m50.823ssys 2m49.791sThe meaning of the configure options:
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are meant to be run as user root:
time make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root======================
All 12 tests passed(7 tests were not run)======================real 0m29.719suser 0m5.344ssys 0m6.768sWe're going to run the remainder of the tests as the nobody user. Certain tests, however, require that the user be a member of more than one group. So that these tests are not skipped we'll add a temporary group and make the user nobody a part of it:
echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" >> /etc/groupFix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile and run the tests:
chown -Rv nobody config.log {gnulib-tests,lib,src}/.depsNow run the tests:
time su-tools nobody -s /bin/bash -c "make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check" || true
All 124 tests passed(4 tests were not run)======================real 17m36.372suser 2m54.499ssys 5m54.374s
Remove the temporary group:
sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/groupMove programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /binmv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /binmv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbinSome of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on head, sleep, and nice. As /usr may not be available during the early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition:
mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep,nice} /binIana-Etc-2.30
The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.3 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2cd iana-etc-2.30Build and install :
time {
make &&make install ;}M4-1.4.13
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
Approximate build time: 0.4 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 14.2 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf m4-1.4.13tar -jxvf m4-1.4.13.tar.bz2cd m4-1.4.13Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 2m43.481s
user 0m35.602ssys 0m50.059sTo test the results, issue:
time make check
====================
All 76 tests passed(1 test was not run)====================real 1m50.616suser 0m27.582ssys 0m29.554sBison-2.4.1
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
Approximate build time: 1.1 SBU
Required disk space: 19.2 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf bison-2.4.1.tar.bz2cd bison-2.4.1Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h &&make &&make install ;}real 2m34.087s
user 0m38.262ssys 0m43.971sThe configure system causes Bison to be built without support for internationalization of error messages if a bison program is not already in $PATH. The above echo command is used to fix that.
To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
time make check
224 tests were successful.
16 tests were skipped.real 6m58.247s
user 2m6.316ssys 2m6.360sProcps-3.2.8
The Procps package contains programs for monitoring processes.
Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.3 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf procps-3.2.8.tar.gzcd procps-3.2.8Apply a patch to fix a unicode related issue in the watch program:
patch -Np1 -i ../procps-3.2.8-watch_unicode-1.patchBuild and install:
time {
make &&make install ;}real 0m41.846s
user 0m14.301ssys 0m6.908sGrep-2.5.4
The Grep package contains programs for searching through files.
Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 7.3 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf grep-2.5.4tar -jxvf grep-2.5.4.tar.bz2cd grep-2.5.4The current Grep package has many bugs, especially in the support of multibyte locales. The following consolidated patch from Debian fixes some of them, improves the number of individual tests which are passed, and much improves the speed in UTF-8 locales:
patch -Np1 -i ../grep-2.5.4-debian_fixes-1.patchBuild and install:
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr \--bindir=/bin \--without-included-regex &&make &&make install ;}real 1m39.310s
user 0m21.753ssys 0m29.946sThe meaning of the configure switch:
--without-included-regex
To test the results, issue:
time make check || true=================================
1 of 14 tests failedPlease report to bug-grep@gnu.org=================================real 0m18.520suser 0m3.324ssys 0m7.940sThere are known test failures in the fmbtest.sh tests. The "|| true" construct is used to avoid automated build scripts failing due to the test failures. A good run will show 1 failure from 14 tests, although the test failure will detail 2 failed sub-tests.
Readline-6.0
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities.
Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 13.8 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf readline-6.0.tar.gzcd readline-6.0Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be moved to <libraryname>.old. While this is normally not a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in ldconfig. This can be avoided by issuing the following two seds:
sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-installApply fixes for several bugs discovered since the initial release of Readline-6.0:
patch -Np1 -i ../readline-6.0-fixes-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/lib &&make SHLIB_LIBS=-lncurses &&make install ;}real 1m42.210s
user 0m25.266ssys 0m28.462sThe meaning of the make option:
SHLIB_LIBS=-lncurses
Now move the static libraries to a more appropriate location:
mv -v /lib/lib{readline,history}.a /usr/libNext, remove the .so files in /lib and relink them into /usr/lib:
rm -v /lib/lib{readline,history}.soln -sfv ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 /usr/lib/libreadline.soln -sfv ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 /usr/lib/libhistory.soIf desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/readline-6.0install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} \/usr/share/doc/readline-6.0Bash-4.0
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell. Approximate build time: 1.4 SBU
Required disk space: 35 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf bash-4.0tar -zxvf bash-4.0.tar.gzcd bash-4.0Apply fixes for several bugs discovered since the initial release of Bash-4.0:
patch -Np1 -i ../bash-4.0-fixes-3.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin \--htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.0 --without-bash-malloc \--with-installed-readline &&make &&make install ;}real 5m13.068s
user 1m18.149ssys 1m27.457sThe meaning of the configure options:
--htmldir
--with-installed-readline
To prepare the tests, ensure that the locale setting from our environment will be used and that the nobody user can read the standard input device and write to the sources tree:
sed -i 's/LANG/LC_ALL/' tests/intl.tests
sed -i 's@tests@& </dev/tty@' tests/run-testchown -Rv nobody ./Now, run the tests as the nobody user:
time su-tools nobody -s /bin/bash -c "make tests"real 4m4.913s
user 0m20.165ssys 0m48.511sRun the newly compiled bash program (replacing the one that is currently being executed):
exec /bin/bash --login +hLibtool-2.2.6a
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface.
Approximate build time: 3.7 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 35 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf libtool-2.2.6a.tar.gzcd libtool-2.2.6Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 1m32.271s
user 0m17.829ssys 0m30.670sTo test the results (about 3.0 SBU), issue:
time make check
69 tests behaved as expected.
5 tests were skipped.real 41m54.283suser 11m5.410ssys 18m45.186sGDBM-1.8.3
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. This is a disk file format database which stores key/datapairs in single files. The actual data of any record being stored is indexed by a unique key, which can be retrieved in less time than if it was stored in a text file.Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.7 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf gdbm-1.8.3.tar.gzcd gdbm-1.8.3Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install &&make install-compat ;}real 1m18.780s
user 0m16.637ssys 0m26.502sInetutils-1.6
The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
Approximate build time: 0.4 SBU
Required disk space: 17 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf inetutils-1.6.tar.gzcd inetutils-1.6Not all programs that come with Inetutils will be installed. However, the Inetutils build system will insist on installing all the man pages anyway. The following patch will correct this situation:
patch -Np1 -i ../inetutils-1.6-no_server_man_pages-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \--localstatedir=/var --disable-ifconfig \--disable-logger --disable-syslogd --disable-whois \--disable-servers &&make &&make install ;}real 4m15.119s
user 1m18.289ssys 1m50.119sThe meaning of the configure options:
--disable-ifconfig
--disable-logger
--disable-syslogd
--disable-whois
--disable-servers
Move the ping program to its FHS-compliant place:
mv -v /usr/bin/ping /binPerl-5.10.0
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.
Approximate build time: 5.5 SBU
Required disk space: 171 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf perl-5.10.0tar -zxvf perl-5.10.0.tar.gzcd perl-5.10.0First create a basic /etc/hosts file to be referenced in one of Perl's configuration files as well as the optional testsuite:
echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" > /etc/hostsThe following patch fixes known vulnerabilities and other issues identified by the developers:
patch -Np1 -i ../perl-5.10.0-consolidated-1.patchThis version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib module. By default Perl will use an internal copy of the Zlib source for the build. Issue the following command so that Perl will use the Zlib library installed on the system:
sed -i -e "s|BUILD_ZLIB\s*= True|BUILD_ZLIB = False|" \
-e "s|INCLUDE\s*= ./zlib-src|INCLUDE = /usr/include|" \-e "s|LIB\s*= ./zlib-src|LIB = /usr/lib|" \ext/Compress/Raw/Zlib/config.inBuild and install :
time {
sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr \-Dvendorprefix=/usr \-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \-Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR" &&make &&make install ;}real 10m17.288s
user 4m21.716ssys 2m42.446sThe meaning of the configure options:
-Dvendorprefix=/usr
-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR"
-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3
To test the results (approximately 2.5 SBU), issue:
time make test
All tests successful.
real 13m13.290suser 3m27.493ssys 1m54.055sAutoconf-2.64
The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code.
Approximate build time: 4.8 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 12.4 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf autoconf-2.64.tar.bz2cd autoconf-2.64Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 0m19.354s
user 0m2.712ssys 0m4.980sTo test the results, issue (about 4.7SBU, can be re-tested after Automake has been installed):
time make check404 tests were successful.22 tests were skipped.real 40m4.994suser 9m40.568ssys 14m49.596sAutomake-1.11
The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
Approximate build time: 18.3 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 28.8 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf automake-1.11.tar.bz2cd automake-1.11Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.11 &&make &&make install ;}real 0m17.142s
user 0m1.732ssys 0m3.660sTo test the results, issue (10 SBUs):
time make check
=======================================================
All 667 tests behaved as expected (4 expected failures)(62 tests were not run)=======================================================real 128m46.286suser 25m37.144ssys 35m48.878sBzip2-1.0.5
The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files with bzip2 yields a much better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip.Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 6.4 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf bzip2-1.0.5tar -zxvf bzip2-1.0.5.tar.gzcd bzip2-1.0.5Apply a patch to install the documentation for this package:
patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.5-install_docs-1.patchThe following command ensures installation of symbolic links are relative:
sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' MakefileBuild and install:
time {
make -f Makefile-libbz2_so &&make clean &&make &&make PREFIX=/usr install ;}real 0m22.041s
user 0m0.508ssys 0m0.172sThe meaning of the make parameter:
-f Makefile-libbz2_so
Install the shared bzip2 binary into the /bin directory, make some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:
cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* /libln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 /usr/lib/libbz2.sorm -v /usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bunzip2ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcatDiffutils-2.8.1
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.
Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 6.3 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf diffutils-2.8.1tar -zxvf diffutils-2.8.1.tar.gzcd diffutils-2.8.1POSIX requires the diff command to treat whitespace characters according to the current locale. The following patch fixes the non-compliance issue:
patch -Np1 -i ../diffutils-2.8.1-i18n-1.patchThe above patch will cause the Diffutils build system to attempt to rebuild the diff.1 man page using the unavailable program help2man. The result is an unreadable man page for diff. We can avoid this by updating the timestamp on the file man/diff.1:
touch man/diff.1Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 1m3.027s
user 0m1.012ssys 0m1.344sFile-5.03
The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.
Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 9.5 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf file-5.03.tar.gzcd file-5.03Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 1m23.536s
user 0m1.236ssys 0m1.840sTo test the results, issue:
time make checkreal 0m1.606s
user 0m0.020ssys 0m0.044sGawk-3.1.7
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.
Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 19 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf gawk-3.1.7tar -jxvf gawk-3.1.7.tar.bz2cd gawk-3.1.7Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --libexecdir=/usr/lib &&make &&make install ;}real 2m3.533s
user 0m2.088ssys 0m2.656sIf desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gawk-3.1.7
cp -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} \/usr/share/doc/gawk-3.1.7To test the results, issue:
time make checkALL TESTS PASSED
real 0m17.625suser 0m0.240ssys 0m0.408sFindutils-4.4.2
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the database has not been recently updated).
Approximate build time: 0.5 SBU
Required disk space: 22 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf findutils-4.4.2tar -zxvf findutils-4.4.2.tar.gzcd findutils-4.4.2Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --libexecdir=/usr/lib/findutils \--localstatedir=/var/lib/locate &&make &&make install ;}real 2m17.682s
user 0m2.084ssys 0m3.120sThe meaning of the configure options:
--localstatedir
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on find. As /usr may not be available during the early stages of booting, this program needs to be on the root partition. The updatedb script also needs to be modified to correct an explicit path:
mv -v /usr/bin/find /bin
sed -i 's/find:=${BINDIR}/find:=\/bin/' /usr/bin/updatedb
To test the results, issue:
time make check
real 1m31.920s
user 0m1.180ssys 0m1.808sFlex-2.5.35
The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text.
Approximate build time: 0.7 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 28 MB testsuite included Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf flex-2.5.35.tar.bz2cd flex-2.5.35Apply a patch that fixes a bug in the C++ scanner generator, that causes scanner compilation to fail when using GCC-4.4.1:
patch -Np1 -i ../flex-2.5.35-gcc44-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 1m8.048s
user 0m1.024ssys 0m1.564sThere are some packages that expect to find the lex library in /usr/lib. Create a symlink to account for this:
ln -sv libfl.a /usr/lib/libl.aA few programs do not know about flex yet and try to run its predecessor, lex. To support those programs, create a wrapper script named lex that calls flex in lex emulation mode: cat > /usr/bin/lex << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh# Begin /usr/bin/lexexec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"# End /usr/bin/lexEOFchmod -v 755 /usr/bin/lexIf desired, install the flex.pdf documentation file:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/flex-2.5.35
cp -v doc/flex.pdf \/usr/share/doc/flex-2.5.35To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
time make check
Tests succeeded: 46
Tests FAILED: 0real 1m50.287suser 0m3.168ssys 0m1.276sGettext-0.17
The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language.
Approximate build time: 5.8 SBU
Required disk space: 125 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf gettext-0.17tar -zxvf gettext-0.17.tar.gzcd gettext-0.17patch -Np1 -i ../gettext-0.17-upstream_fixes-2.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr \--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.17 &&make &&make install ;}real 20m8.514s
user 6m59.698ssys 9m18.575sTo test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs), issue:
time make check===================
All 30 tests passed===================real 44m35.887suser 11m54.989ssys 24m59.350sGroff-1.20.1
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text.
Approximate build time: 0.7 SBU
Required disk space: 66 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf groff-1.20.1.tar.gzcd groff-1.20.1Build and install :
time {
PAGE=A4 ./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make docdir=/usr/share/doc/groff-1.20.1 install ;}real 4m2.153s
user 1m50.967ssys 1m20.973sGroff expects the environment variable PAGE to contain the default paper size. For users in the United States, PAGE=letter is appropriate. Elsewhere, PAGE=A4 may be more suitable. While the default paper size is configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by echoing either “A4” or “letter” to the /etc/papersize file.
Some documentation programs, such as xman, will not work properly without the following symlinks:
ln -sv eqn /usr/bin/geqn
ln -sv tbl /usr/bin/gtblGzip-1.3.12
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 3.3 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf gzip-1.3.12tar -zxvf gzip-1.3.12.tar.gzcd gzip-1.3.12The version of the function “futimens” used by Gzip is incompatible with the version that current Glibc provides, so we'll rename the function:
sed -i 's/futimens/gl_&/' gzip.c lib/utimens.{c,h}There is also a bug in the zdiff script that needs to be fixed:
sed -i 's/5 -)/5 - >\&3)/' zdiff.inBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin &&make &&make install ;}real 0m47.236s
user 0m13.353ssys 0m21.865sMove some programs that do not need to be on the root filesystem:
mv -v /bin/{gzexe,uncompress,zcmp,zdiff,zegrep} /usr/bin
mv -v /bin/{zfgrep,zforce,zgrep,zless,zmore,znew} /usr/binTo test the results, issue:
time make checkTest succeeded.real 0m1.964s
user 0m0.428ssys 0m0.780sIPRoute2-2.6.29-1
The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking.
Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 5.7 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf iproute2-2.6.29-1.tar.bz2cd iproute2-2.6.29-1sed -i '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/MakefileBuild and install :
time {
make DESTDIR=&&make DESTDIR= SBINDIR=/sbin MANDIR=/usr/share/man \DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2-2.6.29-1 install ;}real 0m52.000s
user 0m24.210ssys 0m16.985sThe meaning of the make option:
DESTDIR=
This package comes with a testsuite, but due to assumptions it makes, it is not possible to reliably run these tests within the chroot environment. If you wish to run these tests after booting into your new LFS system, ensure you select /proc/config.gz CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC ("General setup" -> "Enable access to .config through /proc/config.gz") support into your kernel then run 'make alltests' from the testsuite/ subdirectory.
Kbd-1.15
The Kbd package contains key-table files and keyboard utilities.Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 16.0 MB Unpack sources :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf kbd-1.15.tar.gzcd kbd-1.15The behaviour of the Backspace and Delete keys is not consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps:
patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-1.15-backspace-1.patch
Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --datadir=/lib/kbd &&make &&make install ;}real 1m2.212s
user 0m20.297ssys 0m27.770sThe meaning of the configure options:
--datadir=/lib/kbd
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on kbd_mode, loadkeys, openvt, and setfont. As /usr may not be available during the early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition:
mv -v /usr/bin/{kbd_mode,loadkeys,openvt,setfont} /binIf desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/kbd-1.15
cp -R -v doc/* \/usr/share/doc/kbd-1.15Less-429
The Less package contains a text file viewer.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.9 MB
Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf less-429.tar.gzcd less-429Build and install : time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc &&make &&make install ;}real 0m45.612s
user 0m16.633ssys 0m20.917sThe meaning of the configure options:
--sysconfdir=/etc
Make-3.81
The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
Approximate build time: 0.3 SBU
Required disk space: 9.7 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf make-3.81tar -jxvf make-3.81.tar.bz2cd make-3.81Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 1m13.213s
user 0m24.206ssys 0m35.294sTo test the results, issue:
time make check351 Tests in 96 Categories Complete ... No Failures :-)real 0m45.720suser 0m3.428ssys 0m7.368sMan-DB-2.5.5
The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages.
Approximate build time: 0.4 SBU
Required disk space: 22 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf man-db-2.5.5.tar.gz cd man-db-2.5.5Apply a patch to fix a problem with the testsuite, which doesn't expect col to be UTF-8 aware, which Util-Linux-NG's version is:
patch -Np1 -i ../man-db-2.5.5-fix_testsuite-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --libexecdir=/usr/lib \--sysconfdir=/etc --disable-setuid \--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap &&make &&make install ;}real 3m13.896s
user 1m4.004ssys 1m29.774sThe meaning of the configure options:
--disable-setuid
--with-...
To test the results, issue:
time make checkAll 11 tests passed
real 0m19.001suser 0m6.564ssys 0m8.997sModule-Init-Tools-3.10
The Module-Init-Tools package contains programs for handling kernel modules in Linux kernels greater than or equal to version 2.5.47.
Approximate build time: 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 8.7 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf module-init-tools-3.10.tar.bz2cd module-init-tools-3.10The testsuite of this package is geared towards the needs of its Maintainer. The command make check builds a specially wrapped version of modprobe which is useless for normal operation. To run this (about 0.2 SBU), issue the following commands :
time {
./configure &&make check &&./tests/runtests &&make clean ;}real 1m7.664s
user 0m21.937ssys 0m33.162sBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/ --enable-zlib --mandir=/usr/share/man &&make &&make INSTALL=install install ;}The meaning of the make parameter:
INSTALL=install
real 0m21.211s
user 0m8.413ssys 0m8.625sPatch-2.5.9
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file typically created by the diff program.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 1.9 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf patch-2.5.9tar -zxvf patch-2.5.9.tar.gzcd patch-2.5.9Apply a patch that fixes a bug whereby patch fails to apply patches whose lines contain trailing carriage return characters:
patch -Np1 -i ../patch-2.5.9-fixes-1.patchBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}real 0m43.853s
user 0m15.677ssys 0m21.929sPsmisc-22.8
The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying information about running processes.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 2.5 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf psmisc-22.8.tar.gzcd psmisc-22.8Build and install:
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix="" &&make &&make install ;}real 0m44.231s
user 0m13.317ssys 0m22.065sThe meaning of the configure options:
--exec-prefix=""
There is no reason for the pstree and pstree.x11 programs to reside in /bin. Therefore, move them to /usr/bin:
mv -v /bin/pstree* /usr/binShadow-4.1.4.2
The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.
Approximate build time: 0.3 SBU
Required disk space: 30 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -jxvf shadow-4.1.4.2.tar.bz2cd shadow-4.1.4.2Disable the installation of the groups program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:
sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;Disable the installation of Chinese and Korean manual pages, since Man-DB cannot format them properly:
sed -i -e 's/ ko//' -e 's/ zh_CN zh_TW//' man/Makefile.inInstead of using the default crypt method, use the more secure MD5 method of password encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the obsolete /var/spool/mail location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the /var/mail location used currently:
sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5@' \
-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defsBuild and install:
time {
./configure --sysconfdir=/etc &&make &&make install ;}real 3m26.660s
user 1m3.444ssys 1m38.814sMove a misplaced program to its proper location:
mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin
To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
pwconvTo enable shadowed group passwords, run:
grpconvDefault parameters in /etc/default/useradd
Choose a password for user root and set it by running:
passwd rootSysklogd-1.5
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual things happen.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 0.5 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf sysklogd-1.5.tar.gzcd sysklogd-1.5Build and install :
time {
make &&make BINDIR=/sbin install ;}real 0m4.128s
user 0m1.948ssys 0m1.068sCreate a new /etc/syslog.conf file by running the following:
cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/syslog.confauth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.logdaemon.* -/var/log/daemon.logkern.* -/var/log/kern.logmail.* -/var/log/mail.loguser.* -/var/log/user.log*.emerg *# End /etc/syslog.confEOFSysvinit-2.86
The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBU
Required disk space: 1 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
tar -zxvf sysvinit-2.86.tar.gzcd sysvinit-2.86When run-levels are changed (for example, when halting the system), init sends termination signals to those processes that init itself started and that should not be running in the new run-level. While doing this, init outputs messages like “Sending processes the TERM signal” which seem to imply that it is sending these signals to all currently running processes. To avoid this misinterpretation, modify the source so that these messages read like “Sending processes configured via /etc/inittab the TERM signal” instead:
sed -i 's@Sending processes@& configured via /etc/inittab@g' \
src/init.cA maintained version of the wall program was installed earlier by Util-linux-ng. Suppress the installation of Sysvinit's version of this program and its man page:
sed -i -e 's/utmpdump wall/utmpdump/' \
-e 's/mountpoint.1 wall.1/mountpoint.1/' src/MakefileBuild and install :
time {
make -C src &&make -C src install ;}real 0m9.137s
user 0m3.924ssys 0m2.964sCreate a new file /etc/inittab by running the following:
cat > /etc/inittab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inittabid:3:initdefault:si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinitl0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r nowsu:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty1 96002:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 96003:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 96004:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 96005:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 96006:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600# End /etc/inittabEOFTar-1.22
The Tar package contains an archiving program.
Approximate build time: 1.9 SBU testsuite included
Required disk space: 21.2 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf tar-1.22tar -jxvf tar-1.22.tar.bz2cd tar-1.22Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin --libexecdir=/usr/sbin &&make &&make install ;}real 2m55.763s
user 0m59.928ssys 1m22.941sTo test the results (about 1 SBU), issue:
time make check69 tests were successful.
8 tests were skipped.real 8m23.669suser 1m21.229ssys 2m12.532sTexinfo-4.13a
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.
Approximate build time: 0.3 SBU
Required disk space: 21 MB Unpack source :
cd /sources
rm -rf texinfo-4.13tar -zxvf texinfo-4.13a.tar.gzcd texinfo-4.13Build and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr &&make &&make install ;}Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX installation:
make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-texreal 2m3.716s
user 0m43.687ssys 0m50.539sThe meaning of the make parameter:
TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf
The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold its list of menu entries. The file is located at /usr/share/info/dir. Unfortunately, due to occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed on the system. If the /usr/share/info/dir file ever needs to be recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish the task:
cd /usr/share/info
rm -v dirfor f in *do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/nulldoneTo test the results, issue:
cd /sources/texinfo-4.13
time make checkreal 0m11.277s
user 0m2.892ssys 0m4.576sUdev-145
The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes. Approximate build time: 0.2 SBU
Required disk space: 11.6 MB Unpack source :
cd /sourcestar -jxvf udev-145.tar.bz2cd udev-145The udev-config tarball contains LFS-specific files used to configure Udev. Unpack it into the Udev source directory:
tar -xvf ../udev-config-20090523.tar.bz2Create some devices and directories that Udev cannot handle due to them being required very early in the boot process, or by Udev itself:
install -dv /lib/{firmware,udev/devices/{pts,shm}}
mknod -m0666 /lib/udev/devices/null c 1 3mknod -m0600 /lib/udev/devices/kmsg c 1 11ln -sv /proc/self/fd /lib/udev/devices/fdln -sv /proc/self/fd/0 /lib/udev/devices/stdinln -sv /proc/self/fd/1 /lib/udev/devices/stdoutln -sv /proc/self/fd/2 /lib/udev/devices/stderrln -sv /proc/kcore /lib/udev/devices/coreBuild and install :
time {
./configure --prefix=/usr \--sysconfdir=/etc --sbindir=/sbin \--with-rootlibdir=/lib --libexecdir=/lib/udev \--docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-145 \--disable-extras &&make &&make install ;}real 1m32.483suser 0m36.434ssys 0m37.430sThe meaning of the new configure options
--with-rootlibdir=/lib
--libexecdir=/lib/udev
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-145
--disable-extras
Udev default configuration does not cover all devices. First install two extra rules files from Udev to help support device-mapper and RAID setups:
install -m644 -v rules/packages/64-*.rules \/lib/udev/rules.d/Now install a file to create symlinks for certain hand-held devices: install -m644 -v rules/packages/40-pilot-links.rules \/lib/udev/rules.d/Now install a file to handle ISDN devices: install -m644 -v rules/packages/40-isdn.rules \/lib/udev/rules.d/Now install the LFS-specific custom rules files: cd udev-config-20090523make installInstall the documentation that explains the LFS-specific rules files: make install-docInstall the documentation that explains the commonly-used rules files provided by Udev: make install-extra-docVim-7.2
The Vim package contains a powerful text editor. Approximate build time: 1.0 SBU
Required disk space: 79 MB Unpack source :
cd /sourcestar -jxvf vim-7.2.tar.bz2 tar -zxvf vim-7.2-lang.tar.gzcd vim72Apply a patch which fixes various issues already found and fixed by the upstream maintainers since the inital release of Vim-7.2: patch -Np1 -i ../vim-7.2-fixes-5.patchChange the default location of the vimrc configuration file to /etc:
echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.hBuild and install :
time {./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-multibyte &&make &&make install ;}real 3m42.582suser 1m51.787ssys 1m16.813sThe meaning of the configure options:
--enable-multibyte
Many users are used to using vi instead of vim. To allow execution of vim when users habitually enter vi, create a symlink for both the binary and the man page in the provided languages: ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vifor L in /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; doln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1doneBy default, Vim's documentation is installed in /usr/share/vim. The following symlink allows the documentation to be accessed via /usr/share/doc/vim-7.2, making it consistent with the location of documentation for other packages:
ln -sv ../vim/vim72/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-7.2Create a default vim configuration file by running the following:
cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF"" Begin /etc/vimrcset nocompatibleset backspace=2syntax onif (&term == "iterm") || (&term == "putty")set background=darkendif" End /etc/vimrcEOFCleaning Up
From now on, when reentering the chroot environment after exiting, use the following modified chroot command: (/tools are no longer needed)
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \/bin/bash --loginSummary :
It toke me about 4 days to complete this page.
Started :2010-01-28
Finished : 2010-01-31
End |
1. LFS >